Are we lucky, or what?  An invitation to a real Southern Thanksgiving, joining our dear friend Diane, her wonderful sister Laura, and their kin. Even though Laura is the Superintendent of all Middle Schools in Nashville, and works long hours, she always hosts the holidays. We watched as all the family chefs began to lay out huge platters of their signature dishes.

Normally, I don’t take pictures of food because it requires special skill to look edible in photos. However, I break my rule here to showcase Bertha’s chopped collards in ham hock pot liquor. I also vow never to eat another piece of sweet potato pie if it doesn’t look like Bertha’s…souffle light, straight forward splendor. Diane used TV Chef Alton Brown’s brined, roasted turkey recipe (no basting, and no opening the oven door to peek), as did my mother in Los Angeles: moist and delicious; even those who hate white meat asked for more. At dinner, I also received instruction on making my favorite: hot water cornbread (no leavening and fried of course!)  According to, “Southern Belly”, by J.Edge, Tennessee is famous for the “Meat N’ Three” plate lunch. It usually is a meaty entree and sides of coleslaw, greens/veggies in pot liquor, and of course, cornbread. Pork and cornbread are for sure the heart of Southern cooking!

Okay, so where does the “Battered and Fried” come in? A delicious restaurant by that name creates light, non-greasy, crunchy fried products. We had never tasted rich molten hot cheesecake and brownie bites in a crispy coating before. Fortunately, we don’t live here as the richness and texture is addictive.  We also had to try fried Hostess Twinkies with a bourbon vanilla sauce, only because there may never be a fried Twinkie opportunity on the planet ever again, with Hostess’ demise. The “Twinkiness” just disappears into molten and crunchy sweetness.

With all the good food available here, we knew what was required. Diane dragged us to three sports a day: tennis (covered courts!), golf (three affordable, gorgeous courses), a huge modern YMCA, free to us for our first 14 visits, and took us out fishing on Lake Percy Priestly! We just cannot find all these amenities at these prices at home. We danced at a (free) Tango Milango downtown, as well as taking a tango lesson. We keep meeting Californians who have moved here for the affordable real estate and the culture: food, arts and entertainment, sports, and the extremely friendly people. We love Nashville…and haven’t even told you about the arts and culture part yet! We were deeply honored when Laura said, “So where is the rest of the family?” when Steven and I were out for the evening.

At last we are at the great divide. Most Southerners say the West ends here, but we’ve seen no cowboy paraphanalia, red rocks, or profusion of tex-mex restaurants since we left OK; Arkansas is definitely not “western'” in feel as it oozes southern charm and cuisine. Tennessee, however, is all about music, fishing and pit BBQ. Now we are hearing sentences beginning with, “Hon” and “Ya’ll” on a regular basis, along with “Crick” instead of Creek, and you can’t buy wine or hard liquor in the grocery stores, even the Walmart.  The Pyramid in Memphis, the former convention center was recently purchased by Bass Pro, who will renovate until 2014 and open the ultimate mega fishing store.

Memphis showcases the Alabama and Mississippi blues players who came north to record with Sam Phillips at Sun Records. B.B. King is their major hitter of course but the list includes, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, Roy Orbison, Jerry Lee Lewis, and of course, Elvis Presley. People make a big deal about Rock-a-billy because Graceland is 10 minutes away. However, Sam Phillips always claimed that  Howlin’ Wolf, was, above Elvis and all others, “His Greatest Discovery”. The staff and I had a rousing discussion about the identity of the King of Rock and Roll. They are convinced the King is Ike Turner (and the Rythym Kings) in 1951; I remain convinced it is Chuck Berry (1956). I guess reasonable minds can differ on this topic. Nonetheless, November is W.C. Handy month in Memphis so we enjoyed the free concert in the eponymous park by the Juke Joint All Stars, and enjoyed a blues solo performer in a club on Beale Street.

We also went to STAX records, A.K.A. “Soulsville, USA” (in competition with Motown’s “Hitsville, USA”). Their proceeds support an on site grade 6-12 charter school and an audition based music academy, primarily for at risk youth. STAX  major hitter was Otis Redding, but they produced for Albert King, Booker T. and the MGs, and Isaac Hayes. Of course we hummed “Dock  of the Bay” for a while after our visit. What I took away from the exhibits is the understanding of Gospel as the roots of Soul Music.

We had to try the BBQ at the Cozy Cafe in Memphis. We could smell it from blocks away, whole turkeys roasting for Thanksgiving, along with the ribs, pork shoulders and the unusual cornish game hens. We tried to limit the calories by just going for a slab of ribs, without the sides, even though their banana pudding, another specialty made by a local school teacher, was calling out to us.  I realize as I am making a study of pit BBQ cuisine, that I like dry-rub, where it is all about the meat, not the sauce. I asked the older guy working the pit here how long he had been pit cooking. “All my life”, he responded. It showed in the product; best BBQ I have ever had.

A visit to Memphis must include a visit to the Lorraine Motel. I stood on a second floor balcony, next door to the second floor window from which James Earl Ray shot and killed Dr. King on the balcony of the Lorraine Hotel on April 4th, 1968. I re-experienced the anger and loss of such an amazing and inspirational man. His assassination made me understand how deeply he rocked the rascist assumptions inherent in this country, and enabled us to see that we had the power to change it. The comments he made in the days immediately before the assassination, presaged his demise, calling for all of us to take it forward after he was no longer there to lead.  A chilling reminder of what one person with a dream can accomplish for a nation.

The following day we visited the Shiloh National Military Museum/Battlefield/Cemetary. The numbers are staggering with over 20% of the soldiers, Union and Confederate, killed in battle at the site, most of them young recruits. This site is noteworthy as the first major battle of the Civil War. The Union was in retreat, as the Confederate soldiers mounted a surprise attack before Union reinforcements had arrived, yet prevailed with reinforcements, sending a message that the Union would sacrifice everything to win this war. Tennessee was also the site of the most decisive battle at the end of the war, and Tennessee was the first of the Confederate states to join the Union. I felt appreciative of the many sacrifices made to end slavery. I hope that “Lincoln”, the new movie with Daniel Day Lewis, can stand up to the dramatic story of his leadership. Again, I am reminded that one person, with sufficient wisdom, conviction and vision can make a world of difference, especially with a support team. General Ulysses Grant was supported at Shiloh by an amazing staff, many of whom went on to great accomplishment: Two became Presidents (Grant and Garfield); John Wesley Powell lost an arm at Shiloh but became one of the great explorers of the American West (see previous blog 11/2/2012: “How do you HooDoo?”); Henry Stanley, a newspaperman who tracked down Dr. David Livingston in Africa; William Jenney whose Chicago multi-story engineering feat gained him the name “Father of the Skyscraper”; and Lew Wallace who penned the novel Ben Hur. That’s the kind of folks I want on my team when I need to accomplish a task requiring extreme bravery and intelligence.

The Fall colors are still blazing here the week before Thanksgiving. The rolling, forested hills are a welcome relief from the flat prairies of OK and the Top of Texas. Hot Springs, AR is a charming town for a hot soak, gangster tour and BBQ. Although most of the 47 springs have been capped, there is one next to the Arlington Hotel where it is left to flow down the hillside. Otherwise you can go to 2 bathhouses for private or public baths. During Prohibition this town was jumping! Gambling and booze were available as the police were well paid to look the other way. Gangsters like Al Capone travelled in tunnels from the hotels to the gambling halls; Lucky Luciano was arrested by the g-men while hiding out here.

So much history makes you hungry. That, and reading John T. Edges book, Southern Belly. He is well respected in the Southern Food Alliance; when he says something is still great because it is made exactly as it was by the grandparents, we have been counseled to believe it and go there. We study his book, and we eat. We try new things, and then dab the last of the sauce, pick up the last crumbs with our fingers, and wonder how much exercise would be required to burn off the ribs with 3 sides. McClard’s in Hot Springs is one such spot, as is Lindsey’s in Little Rock. Lindsey’s has the unusual, “Fried Pies” (peach or apple, of course we had to try both!) Lindsey’s was also our first fried, hot water corn bread, a crispy, dense and hearty delight the size of your thumb…and of course Eleanor is the very friendly daughter-in-law of the owner, who keeps coming in just to make sure the “children” are still doing it right.  They are, she reports. We certainly cannot disagree…she brought us a smoked link on the house just to make sure we didn’t miss anything! I tried to take pictures of the food, but it looked disgusting. I guess food photography is a unique art form, beyond my abilities at present.

President Clinton Museum is a gorgeous cantilevered building overlooking the Arkansas River. It is filled with gifts received from foreign dignitaries, timelines of his accomplishments, photos, speeches, documents, and accomplishments (but no blue dress with semen sample!)

We caught the end of the “Mothers” exhibit, introduced by Chelsea Clinton, with material about her grandmothers. Bill Clinton’s mom was a hoot! Narcissistic, dramatic, extravagant. He must have loved to make his mother laugh. Whereas Hill’s mom is purely smart and pragmatic, as noted in the quote above.  Both are clearly warm and generous women.

We missed Bill’s visit to the museum last week, but I enjoyed hanging out with Hillary. I wore my signature Hillary pantsuit for the occasion but she upstaged me with the blue suit. She is a hard one to follow as she has won the mileage plus award; she is the Secretary of State who has put in the most miles representing our nation’s interests and in pursuit of whirled peas. I got to shake her hand once in San Francisco on Julia’s dare. Of the gazillion women trying for the same thing, I yelled, “Hillary for President” (a year before she announced her intention to run) and she reached over other people to shake my hand.

Approaching OK from the top of Texas presented an opportunity to visit, “The Devil’s Rope Museum” in McLean, Texas near the OK border. Growing up weekends at my grandmother’s working cattle ranch, I know it is mean but crucial stuff. The museum reminds us of its application in trench warfare and boundary making, like the Berlin Wall. The museum also has great photos of the Dust Bowl, impacting thousands of acres in New Mexico, Colorado, Kansas, and Oklahoma hardest hit of all. Thanks to the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture’s propaganda, farmers tore out the centuries old Prairie Grass with 19 inch root systems, and planted wheat and cotton, failing to anticipate cycles of drought. “The soil just got up and left the county”, as did most of the population. My book group read, The Worst Hard Times, by Thomas Egan focusing on the very few who stayed, in spite of the walls of dust hundreds of feet high blowing in without warning, destroying lungs and livelihoods.

Heading further west into OK we visit Erick, with Route 66 buildings, and the Roger Miller museum. It kept me cheerfully humming, “Dang Me” and “King of the Road” for hours.

OKC is the horse show capital of the world. We unusually hit a week with no shows, having missed the Morgan Horse Show the week before, and the Reigned Horse (Western Style Riding) Show the following week. OKC was the site of the Grand National Rodeo until it moved to Las Vegas. The Cowboy Museum showcases great architecture and western art in the lovely Persimmon Hills, outside OKC. We went expecting to see a large exhibit of Nicolai Fachin’s studio and work, only to learn the great stuff had been sold off to keep the museum afloat. It had many of the same artists as in Santa Fe, so we didn’t stay long, feeling sated with red rock landscapes, and having seen better works by the same artists in Santa Fe.

However, we were very moved by the beautiful OKC Memorial for the 168 killed at the Federal Building. I remembered that my first thought upon hearing of the tragedy was hoping that the perp was a wacko white American, to avoid backlash to innocent foreigners. I got my wish. Timothy Mcveigh and Terry Nichols pissed off at the government for their bungling of the Waco, TX stand-off by other white separatists. The Museum describes the FBI search based on shards of the rental van found at the scene. Very dramatic was the use of chairs with the victims names, chilling however, the small chairs, casting small shadows to represent the child victims.

Gates at each end connected by a block long reflecting pool, note only two times: 9:01 the minute of innocence before the blast and 9:02 the response. Overall, our time in OKC felt somber as we reflected on this state’s citizen resilience, and their focus on gratitude,  to the responders that provided assistance.

We got our first friendly “Ya’ll” here at the RV Musuem. Jack and Trent were so gracious; they have worked hard to create a great museum on road travel. We love this Model T, the first “Slide-out Wall” RV.  No one can answer our question about the cause of the 75 cent cost difference per gallon charged across the South, v.  cost in California. We were giddy upon finding $2.91/gal!

The entry from the west is introduced by the smell of stockyards. Beef is king here; Amarillo is one of the largest meatpacking sites in the country. The most famous restaurant here offers a free meal if you can finish it…72 oz. steak plus a gazillion starchy sides in an hour. 8800 people succeeded of the 55,000 that tried. We watched two big guys fail…they looked uncomfortable only halfway through the meal…or was that the $70 they had to pay for the chance to try? Waffle and steak houses are only outnumbered by churches and religious billboards.

As Amarillo is on Route 66, there is some quirky art visible from the road. The Art Farm and Stanley Marsh III made the conceptual art work, “Cadillac Ranch”, featuring a line of cars tilted at the same angle as the Pyramids of Giza. Young artists make improvements…

Also, Art Farm installed over 300 goofy pole signs throughout the San Jacinto neighborhood in Amarillo. Some examples:

“Jobless Aging Tired Wanting Mostly Sleep”,

“ART Enables Me To Fall In Love With Human Beings”,

“Let’s Party*God Does”,

“Si Quieres Que Sepan Lo Que Eres, Cuentaselo A Las Mujeres” (if you want to know what’s what, ask the women),

“I Don’t Know How I Do It But Every Woman I Meet Is Crazy”,

“This Sign Is As American As Apple Pie”,

“We Have Given The World An Art Form Akin To A Slap In The Face”,

“I Must Be The World’s Greatest Sign”.

One disturbing sign on a private home was not meant for art: “We don’t dial 9-1-1″…with a firearm hanging below it. Maybe the title of this blog should have been, “Texas: Don’t Tread On Me”.

With city mandated “covenants that run with the land”, there are no billboards, the housing stock is all brownish, limited to two stories, and one can see the snow covered mountains from everywhere in town. There is a huge amount of public art installations, galleries and museums, and performance art. It must have the most enormous volume of culture and entertainment per capita, especially for a city of 70,000 people). With little crime, affordable housing, abundant parks and open space, buckets of southwestern-style retail and restaurants, it is unusual and lovely. It is many people’s “happy place”…and makes me want to make fun of it!

So you get cartoons from me, rather than culture, and gripes about the wandering streets that were laid out on the beds of old wagon trails, narrow and convoluted. Retail is the main language spoken here. The art is very expensive to buy, but so much of it is outdoors, you just cannot miss the free show. An original Nicolai Fachin, (a Russian who painted in Taos, NM), a 20″ x 25″ “cowboy” painting in a gallery here, only costs ….$800,000.  I will cherish my paperback book of his work.

Yet one can only sound like a jerk complaining about Santa Fe, when the sun is shining almost year round, people are friendly, there are dogs everywhere and a great community and recreation center, including an ice rink and indoor water park. The Cathedral on the Plaza is the site for Willa Cather’s, Death Comes For The Archbishop. It is a story about the nasty behavior by the first priests that got them killed off in an uprising, followed by the benign treatment by the French priests, that made them beloved by the native people.  The depot for the “RailRunner” (a train with 4 cars that runs to Albuquerque) is also part of an arts district and outdoor sculpture park. Even the attached dog park sports a big gorgeous sculpture!

It was 22 degrees when we woke up yesterday, but the warm and intense sun at 6,000 feet melts the snow and makes you want to hang out with friends on a sunny patio and in front of a kiva fireplace, and enjoy

Frank’s daily private tango lessons and Irene’s martinis and great cooking. We are so spoiled!

Driving from Durango, CO to Santa Fe, NM lie several hot springs, providing a great break from the driving. Steven has been to almost all of these springs and his descriptions and opinions are based on comparisons across many states.

Some are more in the line from Durango to Albuquerque:  McCauley Warm Pools (90 degrees, rustic, 1/4 mile hike), Spence Hot Springs (100 degrees, 2 pools, rustic, 1 mile hike), and Jemez Springs Bath House (individual clawfoot tubs by the hour…you control spigots and can be scalded, park in front).

Some are an hour outside Durango, two in Pagosa Hot Springs: one is Turkish style and more quiet, aromatic, steamy and spiritual feeling…and the other, across the street, is very popular, family oriented (loud) with several pools and in sight of the town roads (see photo above).

Ojo Caliente is an hour north of Santa Fe, a resort with rooms, towels, RV park, massage and body treatments, and non-sulphur pools that consistently stay at the following temps: 86 degrees (large swimming pool), 101 degrees (the Hot Flash Queen’s favorite), 103 degrees, 104 degrees and 105 degrees (hot gravel bottom…yummmmm!….in a gorgeous setting against the rocks), and 107 degrees that is too hot to stay in for very long. There is also a steam room, sauna, wood fires in kivas surrounded by lounge chairs, a meditation labyrinth, restaurant and wine/dessert bar. It is exceptionally well maintained, and very serene due to their “whisper policy”. Within the city limits of Santa Fe, is the japanese style hot pools at A Thousand Waves.

Our resident hot springs expert chooses as The winner…..Pah Tempe Hot Springs in Hurricane, UT.  Sorry Colorado and New Mexico and California, you just cannot compete! See our blog, “SoCal to Southern Utah” in October 2012 for pics and details of Pah Tempe Hot Springs. That site will be gone in a few years as the the city of Hurricane moves to pipe it to avoid the taste of sulphur in their water. Go soon to experience the best hot springs experience we’ve ever had: private, rustic, variations of temperatures, gorgeous backdrop, quiet, clothing optional, reasonably priced.

When Pah Tempe is gone, the winner will be….Ojo Caliente. The only drawbacks to this very lovely place are: 1) its’ popularity in summer when 300 people convene there to soak; 2) clothing is required; and 3) it is not free (but then again, it doesn’t require a hike).  We enjoyed it in the first days of winter weather with some light hail, snow flurries, and rain. What better time to be in a hot spring pool?

Having completed our “Grand Circle” of the Southern Utah Monuments (except for the Grand Canyon, which we will raft down at some point), we crossed into Colorado. Our last town with a main street more than 4 blocks long was St. George, UT. We were sick of our own cooking, 5 minute showers, and cheap red wine, and looking forward to long hot showers, restaurants, and cocktails for an evening. We remembered that Steven’s step-daughter had been walking precincts near Durango CO, a swing-state, for several weeks for Fair Share Colorado. We were lucky to celebrate victory with her and her team, and some local election winners at the lovely Stater Theatre..sweet! We can’t do anything except put lots of “smile” photos in this blog…no matter what we are doing we cannot keep the smiles off of our faces!

We had a signature “martini” (NOT a martini, but a yummy elixir anyway) with cucumber infused rum, lavender infused simple syrup, muddled mint and lime juice at the Cypress Cafe. After sharing a salad, lamb shank over greens and polenta, bread from “Bread”, a local artisan baker, the most bright and peppery olive oil, and pot de creme, we were happily  infused and muddled ourselves!

We awoke to rain, and a light powdering of snow. The cold didn’t bother us as we share lots of down quilts to sleep, our LP furnace really cooks, Lety has a down vest, and during the day, we huddled in front of the fire on comfy couches at the youth hostel. When it cleared, we played disc golf at Fort Lewis College across the street while Lety ran free in the scrub. Later we swam and played at the most amazing community center. Durango has won a national award for this site with slides (faster than any water park!), whirlpools, lazy rivers, a spa and sauna, pool tables, etc. WHEEeeeeeee! We really like this darling town of 17,000 happy people!

We are pretty upset that our mapping system is now based on AppleMaps, not the former GoogleMaps. Sending us nowhere   near the campground we sought, we got out to stretch our legs in the San Juan Forest, only to have four rangy coyotes immediately zero in on Lety, likely thinking about their next meal.  On the other hand we saw a charming sign in our tour of the forest, “Slow down for pot-bellied pigs…they are small”. We just hope they are bigger and tougher  than hungry coyotes!

With over 52,000 acres, Mesa Verde preserves almost 5,000 archeological sites, including 600 cliff dwellings. The Ancestral Puebloans began a building frenzy that began in 1200 AD and ended abruptly with abandonment of these sites throughout the Colorado Plateau in 1300 AD. Like the tiny site, Hovenweep, there remain many questions about the purpose of these buildings, and the reasons for abandoning them. The people left for the south and their descendants are the contemporary Pueblo people along the Rio Grande River, the Zuni in New Mexico, and the Hopi of Arizona. With ranger led tours ($3) to more protected sites (or to those with more hazardous access), along with self-guided tours, there are days of exploration available here. We gave it only a day as all the campgrounds nearby were already closed for the season.

An outstanding tour and site is the Cliff Palace requiring climbing up ladders from the site up to the mesa. This and other sites in Mesa Verde differ from Hovenweep in that all of the dwellings are built in “alcoves” or large carved, arched recesses, below the rim. However, they share the line of sight view, from tower to tower, likely for communication purposes. The dominant explanation for these buildings have been the need for defense, but defense from whom is the remaining question. The dominant explanation for abandonment has been the “push theory”, that the people were forced out by drought, hostile intertribal relations, and lack of big game as a result of deforestation for kiln needs to make the famous black and white colored ceramics. The evidence supporting this is tree ring data showing environmental conditions including two extended droughts, each over 25 years long (dendroclimatology), a massive site of over 50 bashed in skulls of unburied people, and the expansion of ceramic production and export out of the area during this period. If the Ancestral Puebloans’ move off of the rim was defensive, it was effective, as there is no further evidence of mass violence after the move below the mesa. The mesa was used to grow corn, beans and squash, but domestic life remained below the rim after 1200 AD as water trickled down the walls of these alcoves and pooled in the arroyos. The alcove granaries were high and dry; corn could be stored for over 25 years without damage. The masonry is outstanding, and clearly required a lot of skilled hands and strong bodies to produce so many buildings, especially in such a short time. All at a time when the rest of life had to go on and ceramic production was up. These people were about 5’5 for men, and 5’1 for women and had about the same infant mortality rates as Europe (around 50%). They seemed to have about the same losses from contagion as in Europe and were producing many storied towers as in Medieval Europe at the same time. Yet the religion and cultures are truly worlds apart, as is the land they lived on.

The archeologist at Mesa Verde has an (unpublished) “pull theory”, that the Ancestral Puebloans, whose religion was central to daily life, had a religious revolution of sorts, causing a mass migration south. Before the mass migration, the worship was in small groups inside kivas nestled next to residential and storage rooms, that were generally identifiable by the t-shaped doorways, the fire pit in the center, and an identification mark next to the fire pit. She believes that the Ancestral Puebloans were drawn to the Kachina cult, and moved south to larger and more open spaces that allowed for large numbers of people to worship together, such as the “dance plazas”.

It seems likely that something dramatic and enticing is a better explanation for a fast, massive abandonment as opposed to the slower effects from drought and deforestation, especially as cliff dwellings below the rim seemed to provide whatever defense was needed. Fortunately, tribes that came through the area after the site was abandoned, primarily Navajos and Paiutes, respected the sacrad nature of the dwellings, knowing that they were funereal as well as residential, and did no damage.

I predict that this will be another of our favorite sites this year for the following reasons: 1) it allows dogs on park trails unlike most other national parks and monuments (maybe because domesticated dogs lived here in 1200 AD?); 2) it falls within the dark sky reserve; 3) it is a precious, small site that receives only day visitors so the campground was empty; 4) it is easy to get close to the towers without having to schedule a ranger led tour; and 5) it showcases an unresolved demographic mystery.

The Ancestral Puebloans (no longer called Anaszazi, as that is a Navajo word that means “enemy”) throughout the Colorado Plateau, commenced a building frenzy of masonry towers, and unit type houses with kivas, in 1200 AD. Only 20 years after completion, the residents began to leave the sites for residence in the South, until all sites were all abandoned by 1300 AD. Later tribes respected the dead buried in these sacred sites and avoided them. They remained undisturbed until gold prospectors entered the area. Fortunately, at Hovenweep and Mesa Verde, the sites remain well preserved. The are made from beautiful masonry. Stones were cut into blocks using harder Navajo Sandstone tools, small stones were “chinked” between the gaps, and mortar made from soil, imported mud from the mesa,  and water (or urine if water was in short supply) created both tall structures on the rim and cascading down into the canyon.

A truly unique structure is, “Boulder House”, which incorporates the huge rock under which it sits as part of its’ roof and walls. In the photo above it looks like Darth Vadar’s head or a motorcycle helmet.

The canyon floor was warmer than the mesa and was used to grow corn, about the size of a forefinger, and easy to store in dry masonry granaries. Water was stored in catchdams in streams on the mesa at the head of the canyon, but having adequate water in this very dry site was cleary an issue, even for this small community of about 150 people. What is noteworthy in solving the two-fold mystery, why the Ancestral Puebloans built these towers, and why they abandoned them all within 100 years, is that all towers are within line-sight view of another tower, allowing communication, even at night using fire as a signal. Were these towers built for defense, and if so, to defend against what danger? Perhaps the 50 year drought preceding the building frenzy and the 23 year drought commencing the time when the towers were being abandoned are clues to solve the mystery. Mesa Verde, another Ancestral Puebloan site yields more evidence to answer these questions.